Knee Arthritis

Overview

Arthritis of the knee is a condition in which the smooth cartilage that covers the ends of the bones inside the knee joint gradually wears away. As the protective surface thins, the underlying bone can become exposed, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced function.

Common Symptoms

• Knee pain, often worse with activity or at the end of the day.
• Stiffness, particularly after sitting or first thing in the morning.
• Swelling around the knee.
• A sensation of grinding or catching within the joint.
• Difficulty climbing stairs, walking, or squatting.

Possible Causes

Knee arthritis is most commonly age-related wear-and-tear, but several factors can contribute, including previous knee injuries, excess body weight, genetic predisposition, and certain medical conditions. In some cases the cause is multifactorial.

Evaluation

Evaluation begins with a detailed history and a careful clinical examination. X-rays are commonly used to assess the degree of joint-space narrowing and to guide discussion. Additional investigations may be arranged where appropriate.

Treatment Options

Treatment is personalized and depends on the severity of the condition, the level of symptoms, and the individual patient. Options commonly discussed include:

• Education and activity modification.
• Physiotherapy and strengthening exercises.
• Appropriate pain management under medical supervision.
• Weight management where relevant.
• Surgical options — including knee arthroplasty — when appropriate non-surgical treatment is no longer effective.

When to Seek Medical Attention

You should consider seeking evaluation if knee symptoms are persistent, worsening, or significantly affecting your daily activities — or if there is severe pain, locking, instability, or a recent injury.